Which of the following conditions is associated with hyperparathyroidism?

Hyperparathyroidism is characterized by an overproduction of parathyroid hormone (PTH), which plays a crucial role in regulating calcium levels in the body. When there is an increase in PTH, it leads to increased reabsorption of calcium from the bones, increased renal tubular reabsorption of calcium, and enhanced intestinal absorption of calcium (which is often aided by increased activation of vitamin D). As a result, these processes contribute to elevated levels of calcium in the blood, a condition known as hypercalcemia.

Hypercalcemia can manifest with a variety of symptoms, including fatigue, weakness, abdominal pain, nausea, and confusion. It is important to recognize that hyperparathyroidism is the primary endocrine cause of hypercalcemia, making the connection between these two conditions crucial for diagnosing patients who present with elevated serum calcium levels.

In contrast, the other conditions mentioned are not associated with hyperparathyroidism. Hypocalcemia would imply low calcium levels, which is contrary to what occurs in hyperparathyroidism. Calcium retention, while related to kidney function, does not specifically indicate the elevated calcium levels seen in hyperparathyroidism. Lastly, hyperkalemia refers to elevated potassium levels, which are not directly related to hyperparathyroidism