Which medication is indicated for prolonging survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)?

Riluzole is the medication indicated for prolonging survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Research has demonstrated that riluzole can slow the progression of the disease, which is characterized by the degeneration of motor neurons leading to muscle weakness and atrophy. This drug works by reducing the release of glutamate, which, in excess, can be neurotoxic and contribute to neuronal death. Clinical trials have shown that riluzole can extend survival and time to tracheostomy in patients with ALS, making it the primary pharmacologic treatment designed to modify the disease's course.

Other medications listed do not serve the purpose of extending survival in ALS. Baclofen is primarily used as a muscle relaxant to treat spasticity, Galantamine is indicated for Alzheimer's disease, focusing on cognitive improvement, and Lamotrigine is an anticonvulsant used for seizure disorders and mood stabilization. None of these options have been shown to prolong survival in ALS, unlike riluzole, which has a specific role in managing the disease.