What condition may present as confusion, somnolence, and seizures due to elevated levels of carbon dioxide?

The condition that may present as confusion, somnolence, and seizures due to elevated levels of carbon dioxide is hypercarbia, also known as hypercapnia. This occurs when there is an excess of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream, typically as a result of inadequate gas exchange in the lungs.

When carbon dioxide levels rise, it leads to respiratory acidosis and alters the acid-base balance in the body. Elevated carbon dioxide levels can cause a range of neurological symptoms due to its effect on the central nervous system. The confusion arises from increased acidity in the brain, which can impair cognitive function and perception. Somnolence and lethargy are also common as the brain's normal functioning is disrupted. In severe cases, seizures may occur due to significant disturbances in neuronal excitability caused by changes in blood pH and oxygenation.

This highlights the importance of monitoring and managing carbon dioxide levels, especially in patients with respiratory diseases or conditions that may lead to respiratory failure. In these settings, identifying and addressing hypercarbia can be critical in preventing the progression to more severe neurological symptoms or complications.